Agronomic performance of late-season rice under different tillage,straw, and nitrogen management

In double rice-cropping system in China, zero tillage in late-season rice with straw return from early season rice is an emerging technology for saving inputs, shortening the lag time between rice crops, avoiding straw burning, and conserving natural resources. The objective of this 2-year field study was to determine the effects of tillage and straw return on N uptake, grain yield, and N use efficiency of late-season rice. Treatments were arranged in a split-plot design with four combinations of tillage and straw return as main plots and three N management practices as subplots. Tillage was either conventional soil puddling or zero tillage with newly harvested crop residue from early season rice either removed or placed on the soil surface without incorporation. The N treatments were zero-N control, site-specific N management (SSNM), and farmers’ N-fertilizer practice (FFP). Straw return regardless of tillage or N management did not reduce rice yield. In the second year, straw return significantly increased grain yield in the zero-N control. Chlorophyll meter readings at heading and total N uptake at maturity were higher with straw return in the zero-N control, suggesting that straw provides nutrients to rice in the late growing period. Zero tillage did not reduce N uptake, grain yield, and N use efficiency compared with conventional tillage. Despite large differences in timing and rate of N application between FFP and SSNM, these two N treatments resulted in comparable N uptake and grain yield of late-season rice regardless of tillage and straw return. These results suggest that zero tillage after early rice with straw return could replace conventional tillage for late rice in the double rice-cropping system in China.     

高阶椭圆锥齿轮泵的流量特性

针对齿轮泵的变量功能及非圆锥齿轮的应用,提出了一种新型相交轴变量齿轮泵——高阶椭圆锥齿轮泵.该齿轮泵是以高阶椭圆锥齿轮为工作转子的非圆锥齿轮泵.根据齿轮的空间啮合原理,给出了其工作转子高阶椭圆锥齿轮副的齿形生成方法.基于该种齿轮特殊的运动学特性,分析了高阶椭圆锥齿轮泵的传动特性,并对其工作结构进行了设计.依据球面微分理论,推导出了高阶椭圆锥齿轮泵的平均理论流量公式、瞬时流量公式以及流量脉动公式,同时分析了高阶椭圆锥齿轮的偏心率、阶数等参数对其流量特性的影响.在同等参数模型及工况条件下,将对高阶椭圆锥齿轮泵的平均理论流量、瞬时流量及其变量范围与圆柱齿轮泵和非圆柱齿轮泵的流量特性进行了对比分析,获得了该锥齿轮泵在同等条件下排量最大、变量范围最大的特点.     

离心泵全特性若干问题研究

本文针对６ＳＨ－９型离心泵试验了各工况区多种转速下的全特性，由此分析了利用比例律推求全特性所产生的变异误差及苏特坐标曲线的误差，并从理论及试验两方面分析了同比速同系列泵及同比速同型式但系列不同的水泵全特性通用性问题，最后提出了根据水泵工况区特性预测水轮机工况区特性的计算方程，并同实测结果进行了比较，两者充分一致。     

拖拉机抗性消声器的优化设计

研究了拖拉机排气消声器的一种优化设计方法及其应用。计算结果和试验结果吻合良好，表明利用该设计方法得到的消声器具有较好的消声性能，能大大缩短拖拉机排气消声器的研制周期。     

小黄鱼热泵干燥工艺及设备选型分析

研究了不同热泵干燥温度下小黄鱼的干燥特性,并对其干燥品质进行分析。结果表明在干燥温度55℃、铺放密度为6.48 kg/m2的条件下干燥时间为13.5 h,干燥品质最优。在综合考虑能耗、企业加工条件和产品品质的前提下,将生产工艺参数确定为:干燥温度60℃、铺放密度为6~7 kg/m2,干燥时间为10~12 h。根据企业日处理量5.5~6.0 t的加工要求,通过对产能核算及加工成本计算,确定设备选型方案为:1台GHRH-510型热泵干燥机与2台GHRH-340型热泵干燥机,该方案投资回报期短,社会效益明显。     

真空带式、真空冷冻及热风干燥香蕉浆的比较

以香蕉为原料,比较真空带式、真空冷冻及热风3种方式干燥香蕉浆的效果。结果表明:真空冷冻干燥物料中的大部分水分在升华阶段去除,热风干燥初期水分含量迅速下降,真空带式干燥物料水分随时间延长呈比较均匀的下降。真空冷冻干燥、真空带式干燥的产品品质优于热风干燥。真空冷冻及真空带式干燥产品的截面、表面和底面孔洞结构都有较大区别。     

Incorporation of ridge and furrow method of rainfall harvesting with mulching for crop production under semiarid conditions

A plastic-covered ridge and furrow rainfall harvesting (PRFRH) system combined with mulches was designed to increase water availability to crops for improving and stabilizing agricultural production in the semiarid Loess region of northwest China. The system was built by shaping the soil surface with alternate ridges and furrows along the contour. The plastic-covered ridges served as a rainfall harvesting zone and furrows as a planting zone. Some materials were also used to mulch the furrows to increase the effectiveness of the harvested water. This system can make better utilization of light rain by harvesting rainwater through the plastic-covered ridge. The field experiment (using corn as an indicator crop) showed that grain yields in the PRFRH system with mulches in 1998 and 1999 were significantly higher than the controls, with an increase of 4010–5297 kg per ha (108–143%). In most treatments, the water use efficiencies (WUE) were in excess of 2.0 kg m⁻³. The WUE values of corn in this system were 1.9 times greater than the controls in 1998 and 1.4 times greater than the controls in 1999. The plastic-covered ridge led to a yield increase of 3430 kg per ha (92%) in 1998 and of 1126 kg per ha (21%) in 1999 compared with the uncovered ridge. On average, the additional mulches in the furrow brought about a yield increase of 8–25%. Based on the results of this study and other researches, this technique can increase corn grain yield by 60–95% in drought and average years, 70–90% in wet years, and 20–30% in very wet years. The PRFRH system had the potential to increase crop yield and produced greater economic benefit, therefore it could be used in regions dominated by light rainfall of low intensity where crops generally fail due to water stress.     

薄壁封闭环磨削回弹的建模与数值研究

提出了卡环制造过程中磨削回弹的计算模型。根据卡环的精度和啮合力要求，设计了特殊制造工艺。考虑弯曲残余应力，对磨削工序进行力学分析，提出了磨削回弹弯矩、磨削回弹后搭叠长度和啮合力变化的计算模型；开发了卡环制造辅助工艺系统——Shuttle，对卡环磨削工序进行了模拟，并结合实验讨论了磨削前后曲率半径、啮合力和搭叠长度随余量的变化规律。研究表明：随着磨削余量的增加，试样磨削前的啮合力增加，而磨削回弹后的啮合力呈下降趋势；试样磨削前后的搭叠长度均呈下降趋势，并且试样截面惯性矩越大，磨削回弹后试样的搭叠长度下降速度越慢；在各工序阶段，试样的曲率半径有不同程度的增加。